Preface |
xi |
1. Survey of the Problem and Certain Definitions |
1 |
2. Synthesis and Stabilization of Nanoparticles |
11 |
2.1 Chemical Reduction
|
13 |
2.2 Reactions in Micelles, Emulsions, and Dendrimers
|
18 |
2.3 Photochemical and Radiation-Chemical Reductions
|
22 |
2.4 Cryochemical Synthesis
|
27 |
2.5 Physical Methods
|
38 |
2.6 Particles of Various Shapes and Films
|
43 |
3. Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion (SMAD) for Making Metal Nanoparticles |
55 |
3.1 Experimental Techniques
|
55 |
3.2 Aggregation of Metal Atoms or Reactive Molecules in Low-Temperature Matrices/Solvents
|
56 |
3.2.1 Control of the Gold-Tin (Au-Sn) Bimetallic System
|
57 |
3.2.1.1 Experimental Results on Au Atom-Sn Atom Clusters in Cold Solvents
|
58 |
3.2.2 Reactivity of Aggregates (Nanoparticles or Nanocrystals)
|
61 |
3.2.3 Trapping and Stabilization
|
61 |
3.3 Examples of Useful Synthesis
|
61 |
3.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
|
61 |
3.3.2 Silver and Copper
|
63 |
3.3.3 Other Metals
|
63 |
3.3.4 Binuclear Compounds
|
63 |
3.4 Digestive Ripening or "Nanomachining"
|
64 |
3.5 Rods, Wires, and Stars
|
69 |
4. Experimental Techniques |
75 |
4.1 Electron Microscopy
|
76 |
4.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
|
77 |
4.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
|
77 |
4.2 Probe Microscopy
|
78 |
4.3 Diffraction Techniques
|
81 |
4.3.1 X-ray Diffraction
|
81 |
4.3.2 Neutron Diffraction
|
82 |
4.4 Miscellaneous Techniques
|
82 |
4.4.1 EXAFS
|
82 |
4.4.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
|
82 |
4.4.3 Mass Spectrometry
|
83 |
4.4.4 Photoelectron Spectroscopy
|
83 |
4.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
|
83 |
4.4.6 Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrometry (200-800 nm)
|
84 |
4.4.7 Dynamic Light Scattering
|
84 |
4.5 Comparison of Spectral Techniques Used for Elemental Analysis
|
85 |
5. Cryochemistry of Metal Atoms and Nanoparticles |
89 |
5.1 Reactions of Magnesium Particles
|
90 |
5.1.1 Grignard Reactions
|
90 |
5.1.2 Activation of Small Molecules
|
93 |
5.1.3 Explosive Reactions
|
96 |
5.2 Silver and Other Metals
|
100 |
5.2.1 Stabilization by Polymers
|
101 |
5.2.2 Stabilization by Mesogenes
|
110 |
5.3 Reactions of Rare-earth Elements
|
115 |
5.4 Activity, Selectivity, and Size Effects
|
122 |
5.4.1 Reactions at Superlow Temperatures
|
122 |
5.4.2 Reactions of Silver Particles of Various Sizes and Shapes
|
132 |
5.5 Theoretical Methods
|
137 |
5.5.1 General Remarks
|
137 |
5.5.2 Simulation of the Structure of Mixed Metallic Particles
|
138 |
5.5.3 Simulation of Properties of Intercalation Compounds
|
143 |
5.5.4 Simulation of Structural Elements of Organometallic Co-condensates
|
145 |
6. Chemical Nanoreactors |
155 |
6.1 General Remarks
|
155 |
6.2 Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Elements
|
160 |
6.3 Transition Metals of Groups III-VII in the Periodic Table
|
169 |
6.4 Elements of the Group VIII of the Periodic System
|
179 |
6.5 Subgroups of Copper and Zinc
|
191 |
6.6 Subgroup of Boron and Arsenic
|
198 |
7. Assemblies Involving Nanoparticles |
209 |
7.1 Assemblies Involving Nanoparticles
|
209 |
7.2 Forces between Nanoparticles
|
215 |
7.2.1 Attraction Forces
|
215 |
7.2.2 Theory of NP Interaction Potentials
|
215 |
7.2.3 Nanocrystal Superlattices
|
216 |
8. Group of Carbon |
221 |
8.1 Fine Particles of Carbon and Silicon
|
221 |
8.2 Fullerenes
|
223 |
8.3 Carbon Nanotubes
|
225 |
8.3.1 Filling of Tubes
|
226 |
8.3.2 Grafting of Functional Groups. Tubes as Matrices
|
227 |
8.3.3 Intercalation of Atoms and Molecules into Multiwalled Tubes
|
229 |
8.4 Graphene
|
230 |
8.5 Carbon Aerosol Gels/Turbstratic Graphite/Graphene
|
231 |
9. Organic Nanoparticles |
235 |
9.1 Introduction
|
235 |
9.2 Methods for the Preparation of Nanoparticles
|
237 |
9.2.1 Physical Methods
|
237 |
9.2.1.1 Mechanical Grinding of the Original Substance
|
237 |
9.2.1.2 Laser Ablation
|
239 |
9.2.2 Chemical Methods
|
242 |
9.2.2.1 Solvent Replacement
|
242 |
9.2.2.2 Antisolvents for Precipitation
|
244 |
9.2.2.3 Chemical Reduction in Solution
|
245 |
9.2.2.4 Ion Association
|
246 |
9.2.2.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Water-Oil Emulsion
|
247 |
9.2.2.6 Photochemical Method
|
248 |
9.2.2.7 The use of Supercritical Fluids
|
248 |
9.2.2.8 Cryochemical Synthesis and Modification of Nanoparticles
|
251 |
9.3 Properties and Application of Organic Nanoparticles
|
257 |
9.3.1 Spectral Properties
|
257 |
9.3.2 Quasi-one-dimensional Systems
|
260 |
9.3.3 Drugs and Nanoparticles
|
263 |
9.4 Conclusion
|
269 |
10. Size Effects in Nanochemistry |
275 |
10.1 Models of Reactions of Metal Atoms in Matrices
|
276 |
10.2 Melting Point
|
278 |
10.3 Optical Spectra
|
281 |
10.4 Kinetic Peculiarities of Chemical Processes on the Surface of Nanoparticles
|
287 |
10.5 Thermodynamic Features of Nanoparticles
|
289 |
10.6 Magnetic Properties
|
293 |
10.7 Electrical/conducting Properties
|
294 |
11. Nanoparticles in Science and Technology |
299 |
11.1 Catalysis on Nanoparticles
|
299 |
11.2 Oxide Reactions
|
311 |
11.3 Semiconductors, Sensors, and Electronic Devices
|
314 |
11.4 Photochemistry and Nanophotonics
|
323 |
11.5 Applications of CNTs
|
326 |
11.6 Nanochemistry in Biology and Medicine
|
329 |
11.6.1 DNA-modified Nanoparticles
|
336 |
Conclusion |
347 |
Index |
355 |
